Circular Logistics in the Nordics

Preface 13

              1 Introduction 15

Circular economy, sustainability and supply chain management 16

About the book and the cases 17

About the chapters  18

Part I

Basics for circular logistics: products and business models

              2 What is circular logistics? 27

Linear supply chains add value to products 27

Keeping the value of the products 29

Processes for circular supply chains 31

Activities for circular logistics 34

              3 Circular principles and strategies 39

Circular principles – a list of Rs 39

Resource loops 40

Biological and technical cycles  43

Circular economy for sustainability 46

              4 Preserving the value of computers: Taitonetti 51

Keeping the value of IT products 51

Processes for refurbished laptops 54

              5 Circular business models 59

Sustainable or circular business model? 59

Different kinds of material flows 61

Slowing down material flows 63

Organising loops 65

Developing a circular business model  67

              6 Shared packaging in the food sector: Svenska Retursystem (SRS) 71

Crates designed to be circulated by the food sector 71

Svenska Retursystem as flow manager 73

Demand management of shared packaging 76

              7 Circular design of products and packaging 79

Products with a long lifespan 79

Products with a short lifespan: food packaging 84

Circular product design, marketing and logistics 86

              8 Food packaging with a deposit: soft drink bottles 91

The operators in the deposit-refund systems 92

Design of the soft drink bottles 94

Return process of emptied bottles 95

The flow of deposit fees  98

              9 Roles and responsibilities, global and local 101

The roles that rule circular material flows  101

Producer responsibility as a driver of circular economy  104

Local and global circular chains 107

Part II

 Resources and circular material flows

              10 Prevention of food waste: Kesko 115

Kesko has a central role in the food chain  115

Prevention of food waste by systematic approaches  118

Remedy and rescue of food that risks being wasted 121

              11 Renewable materials and cascading 125

Biobased cycles of circular economy 125

Renewable and biobased materials 127

Biogas 131

Cascading of biobased materials 134

              12 Use process: workwear 137

Textilia’s Nordic Swan ecolabelled textile service  138

Digital identification of textiles 141

Workwear for extended use designed by Fristads 144

              13 About plastics 147

Plastics that can be recycled  147

Recycling codes used on plastics 150

Bioplastics: biobased or biodegradable?  151

Recycling methods for plastics 153

              14 Collection and recycling of textiles: Project SATIN 157

Project SATIN  158

Processes and actors in textile recycling 159

Collection of used textiles 162

Collection systems and the first mile problem 164

              15 Handling and minimising waste 169

About waste 170

Used products: Waste or not waste? 173

Remnants: By-products or waste? 174

Collaborations for better use of by-products 176

              16 Circular certified products: Tarkett 181

Certified and documented products for the building sector 181

Wooden flooring with different kinds of certifications 184

Plastic floors designed for recycling  187

              17 Material flows and plastics 191

The time dimension: The lifespan of plastic products 191

The place dimension: Plastics flows 193

The money dimension: Plastics waste in different industry sectors 195

The energy dimension: Plastic waste in the soil and sea 197

Part III

Processes of circular supply chain management

              18 Support, service and maintenance: Tomra 205

Service and support as a circular business model 206

Support and field-service 208

Uptime  210

              19 Recovery process: Recycling and End-of-waste 215

About recycling and source-separation of waste  215

The logic of the recycling production flow  217

Sorting and separation as a part of recycling process 219

End-of-waste 222

              20 Circular public procurement: The Hoppet preschool project 227

Preparations before the procurement process 228

Procurement and evaluation process 232

The design and construction process  233

              21 Using recycled materials when producing new products 237

Source loops for the recycled materials 237

Different products made of recycled material  239

Logistics challenges when using recycled raw materials 241

              22 Remanufacturing of spare parts: Valtra 245

Remanufacturing of gearboxes  245

Delivery processes of remanufactured gearboxes 246

Remanufacturing processes 249

              23 Planning process: Inventory management 253

Different types of inventories 253

Planning of production and inventory levels 256

Ikea minimises inventory losses 259

              24 Lifecycle processes: IFS Cloud 263

An ERP system with roots in maintenance management  263

Lifecycle thinking in IFS Cloud 266

              25 The business process of remanufacturing 271

Business processes for remanufacturing 272

Product costing and financial transactions  276

              26 Collaborations for circular material flows: Kalundborg and Loopfront 281

The Kalundborg industrial symbiosis  282

Loopfront facilitates the reuse of construction material 287

              27 How to measure circular flows 291

Dimensions of sustainable circular economy 291

Measuring environmental gain with life cycle assessment (LCA) 294

Measuring economic gain with life cycle costing (LCC) 297

Measuring social gain using Corporate Sustainability Reports (CSR) 298

Measuring material circularity gain with the material flow analysis 300

              28 Epilogue 305

              29 Further reading 309

Index 317